CS 2302 Computer Networks Unit 3

21. What is Source Specific Multicast?      

            SSM , a receiving host specifies both a multicast group and a specific host .the receiving host would then receive multicast addressed to the specified group, but only if they are from the special sender.

22. What is meant by congestion?

            Congestion in a network occurs if user sends data into the network at a rate greater than that allowed by network resources.

23. Why the congestion occurs in network?

            Congestion occurs because the switches in a network have a limited buffer size to store arrived packets.

24. What are the rules of non boundary-level masking?

·         The bytes in the IP address that corresponds to 255 in the mask will be  repeated in the sub network address 

·         The bytes in the IP address that corresponds to 0 in the mask will change to  0 in the sub network address 

·         For other bytes, use the bit-wise AND operator.

25 . explain the relationship of IEEE Project to the OSI model?

The IEEE has subdivided the data link layer into two sub layers:

* Logical link control (LLC)

* Medium access control (MAC)

LLC is non-architecture specific. The MAC sub layer contains a number of distinct modules, each carries proprietary information specific to the LAN product being used.

26. What is meant by brouter?

A brouter is a single protocol or multiprotocol router that sometimes act as a router and sometimes act as a bridge.

27. Write the keys for understanding the distance vector routing.

The three keys for understanding the algorithm are

· Knowledge about the whole networks

· Routing only to neighbors

· Information sharing at regular intervals

28.What is CIDR?(MAY/JUNE2007)

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is a methodology of allocating IP addresses and routing Internet Protocol packets. It was introduced in 1993 to replace the prior addressing architecture of classful network design in the Internet with the goal to slow the growth of routing tables on routers across the Internet, and to help slow the rapid exhaustion of IPv4 addresses.

CIDR notation uses a syntax of specifying IP addresses for IPv4 and IPv6, using the base address of the network followed by a slash and the size of the routing prefix, e.g., 192.168.0.0/16 (IPv4), and 2001:db8::/32 (IPv6).

29.What is ARP and RARP?(MAY/JUNE 2009)

            ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol.It is used to convert IP address to Physical address

            RARP stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.It is used to convert Physical address into IP address